Games like Multi-Story

93%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, grinding

93% User Score Based on 297 reviews

Studio System : Guardian Angel is a fixed-camera horror game where YOU control the camera and use it as a weapon AND tool! This demo contains a story that's unique from the main game (so it's less of a demo and more of a small side game), and was originally made for the 2023 Summer Steam Next Fest (tm). Will you be able to guide Becky out of the underground movie theater and save her friends? Doin… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Studio System : Guardian Angel.

Story The main action of the game takes place in Pennsylvania. The small town of Paintburgh was captured by mutant rats. They evolve and turn into dangerous monsters. The main protagonist, Jack, and his brother David try to survive in this environment. Jack wants to leave the town, but David finds a way to make money on someone else’s misfortune. Features  Jack Street is a dark 2D action-plat… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Jack Street.

75%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, atmosphere

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, stability

81% User Score Based on 43 reviews

Immersed in her nightmares, in a chaotic reality, confused and all alone. The only safe place is her room, but not forever... She wanders through an empty city and strange places while fleeing from creatures lurking in the darkness to find out what's going on. You are in the skin of Ana Lúcia. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Asleep: Ato 1.

76%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, grinding

76% User Score Based on 420 reviews

You awake and find yourself in a parallel dimension. The year is 2032. All you can remember is that you’ve been participating in some kind of experiment that went horribly wrong. Travel through parallel worlds to get back home and uncover your past in this puzzle game where sci-fi meets surrealism. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to THE MULLER-POWELL PRINCIPLE.

91%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:replayability, stability

92% User Score Based on 3,419 reviews

Critic Score 74%Based on 3 reviews

While investigating the disappearance of twin girls at Winterlake - something terrible happens to Caroline Walker.Waking in the dead of night, naked in a bathtub - and hooked up to some decrepit medical equipment, Caroline must fight for her life as she explores the halls of an abandoned Mansion turned hospital. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Tormented Souls.

94%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, grinding

94% User Score Based on 213 reviews

Ginkgo is a single player 3D horror game set in a dreamlike space inspired by East Asian horror. Armed with a magic needle that can sew parts of the world together, solve puzzles and outsmart monsters as you explore a surreal world. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Ginkgo.

71%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, atmosphere

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, character development

100% User Score Based on 22 reviews

09/07/2024SORRY WE MISPELLED 'CONTROLS'!! There will be no speed run event for Selena's Awakening due to us not having the time to schedule one. We are glad to see that people are enjoying the game. This is our second game that we released. This game is not perfect. As a commenter mentioned, there are a couple of bugs: 1.) The first save point, when obtaining the second key takes you back to … If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Let Them Breathe: Selena's Awakening.

88%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, grinding

88% User Score Based on 232 reviews

A twisted first person horror adventure. As an employee of the SCP Replication Division you are tasked with testing artificially developed paranormal events. Solve puzzles, converse with anomalous entities and explore multiple paths to untangle the secrets behind the Replication Division. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Go Home Annie: An SCP Game.

90%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, grinding

90% User Score Based on 449 reviews

Check out Our Lovecraftian CO-OP game About the GameNecrophosis invites you to immerse yourself in a mystical puzzle adventure set in a surreal universe, the environment itself becomes a nightmarish masterpiece, filled with unsettling shapes and haunting visuals. A MA·CA·BRE WORLD Billions of years after the universe met its demise, you awaken in a realm where death reigns supreme but even dea… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Necrophosis.

90%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:music, stability

90% User Score Based on 105 reviews

Fear the Timeloop - Prologue is a third-person survival horror set within a time loop. Play the first hour of the game in this prologue to the main story. You play as Sheriff James Cooper, who wakes up in an unfamiliar room, severely wounded and bleeding. If he doesn’t tend to his injury, he will bleed out within fifteen minutes — and the cycle will begin again. However, despite his critical… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Fear the Timeloop - Prologue.

93%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, replayability

93% User Score Based on 101 reviews

REPOSE - Deluxe Edition includes: REPOSE REPOSE - Soundtrack REPOSE - Artbook If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to REPOSE.

88%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:replayability, optimization

88% User Score Based on 103 reviews

In 1985 England, private investigator Miles Windham follows a lead on the mysterious death of his daughter that takes him to Velvet Island. But once he arrives on the island, he soon realizes that the residents are behaving strangely. In fact, there is a growing hostility towards the investigator that feels as though it is becoming stronger by the minute. It doesn't take long until the situation e… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Dead of Darkness.

61%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, optimization

75% User Score Based on 32 reviews

For years archaeologist Dusty has traveled the world discovering ruins, sharing his findings. One day, on one of his explorations, he finds a mysterious notebook. It contains a forgotten language, a location and list of dates written in his handwriting, but he doesn't remember ever writing them down. Following his instinct, he picked up his cane ready to unravel the mystery. Inspired by the Can… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Dusty.

81%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, grinding

87% User Score Based on 647 reviews

Critic Score 68%Based on 4 reviews

Set in the densely cluttered streets of Kowlong, filled with obscurity and chaos, this battle action-adventure game casts players as the Hyoki, an entity devoid of memory and physical form. His only motive is to eradicate the monstrous beings known as Slitterheads crawling around the city, disguising themselves as humans. Roaming the vibrant neon-lit cityscape, players must seek out allies among h… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Slitterhead.

92%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, replayability

97% User Score Based on 698 reviews

Critic Score 83%Based on 6 reviews

Its safer in the dark. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Fear the Spotlight.

83%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization

97% User Score Based on 36 reviews

Gameplay Combining two beloved genres, first person horror with third person adventure, We Are Not Alone creates a new sense of suspense with its unique camera mechanic. Looking through the camera allows safe exploration, as the creature can not meet your gaze. Placing the camera down though, is essential to solving puzzles with both hands, yet it will leave you vulnerable. StoryThe world may b… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to We Are Not Alone.

57%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, atmosphere

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, stability

57% User Score Based on 56 reviews

Explore the corrupted peninsula in a stunning hand drawn art style. You play as Herbert Westmark, paranormal investigator and curator of odd trinkets. Together with a parasite demon Ambrose you explore the map of Burrmouth to get to the bottom of why people here are missing. Where will your unhinged journey take you in this unique cosmic horror adventure? The stylish art will set the mood to a … If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to The Foretold: Westmark Legacy.

85%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:replayability, grinding

93% User Score Based on 114 reviews

Critic Score 64%Based on 3 reviews

Clea is a survival horror title that emphasizes wits over cheap scares. Outsmart the Chaos Servants and escape from the Whitlock Mansion. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Clea.

73%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:music, grinding

72% User Score Based on 520 reviews

Critic Score 80%Based on 1 reviews

When technology meets Cthulhu! Magrunner: Dark Pulse is an action-puzzle game in which technology confronts the Cthulhu Mythos, as imagined by author, H. P. Lovecraft. You are Dax, one of seven Magrunners selected among the elite to participate in MagTech Corporation's space training program. But, what should be the chance of a lifetime quickly becomes a horrific nightmare. Equipped with your M… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Magrunner: Dark Pulse.

44%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:graphics, stability

44% User Score Based on 1,452 reviews

Wild West Dynasty: Cowboys, Settlers & Gunslingers! Build your own ranch, provide food and wealth and soon more settlers will join you in your quest for happiness. Will you manage to build a "Wild West Dynasty" or will you end up on the gallows? If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Wild West Legacy.

86%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:replayability, grinding

90% User Score Based on 735 reviews

Critic Score 70%Based on 1 reviews

Alicemare is a somehow familiar yet totally unique adventure game with strong horror leanings, created by △○□× (Miwashiba) using the Wolf RPG Editor. The game follows an amnesiac young boy named Allen who was placed under the care of a man called Teacher who looks after four other children. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Alicemare.

72%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

85% User Score Based on 654 reviews

Critic Score 61%Based on 11 reviews

Iris.Fall is a puzzle adventure game featuring striking visuals and a spellbinding theme of "light and shadow". If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Iris.Fall.

68%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, stability

78% User Score Based on 3,366 reviews

Critic Score 50%Based on 3 reviews

When twilight fades. Where darkness reigns.DreadOut is a third person supernatural horror game where you play as Linda, a high school student trapped in an old abandoned town. Equipped with her trusty smart-phone, she will battle against terrifying encounters and solve mysterious puzzles which will ultimately determine her fate.Help her overcome the challenges that will stand before her. Survive t… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to DreadOut.

81%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, stability

88% User Score Based on 4,880 reviews

Critic Score 74%Based on 65 reviews

Discover a dark mystery only a medium can solve. Explore the real world and the spirit world at the same time. Use your psychic abilities to solve puzzles spanning both worlds, uncover deeply disturbing secrets, and survive encounters with The Maw - a monster born from an unspeakable tragedy. The Medium is a third-person psychological horror game that features patented dual-reality gameplay and an… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to The Medium.

73%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, optimization

73% User Score Based on 62 reviews

"Where They Cremate The Roadkill" is a psychedelic and surreal game where your opponent is your future self whose rogue ego desires to possess the essence of all creation. Explore this twisting, dream like state to who only knows where... If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Where They Cremate The Roadkill.

90%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, replayability

90% User Score Based on 942 reviews

Waking Mars is a one-of-a-kind adventure in which you jetpack through subterranean Mars encountering a host of extraordinary alien lifeforms that operate as a living, breathing ecosystem. Learn and master the behaviors of these creatures to create ecosystems of your own design if you are to survive and discover the secrets of Mars' past. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Waking Mars.

82%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, stability

82% User Score Based on 276 reviews

ADD TO WISHLIST NOW! About the GameThis is a playable teaser for a game Cognition Method. Cognition Method is a story-driven, first-person puzzle game inspired by Space Odyssey 2001 and Solaris. Discover innovative mechanics of altering gravity and dive into the surreal setting. Earth is on the brink of demise when the scientists discover the Cube, a mysterious space structure of unknown origi… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Cognition Method: Initiation.

73%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, stability

78% User Score Based on 1,959 reviews

Critic Score 66%Based on 66 reviews

Return to Derceto Manor in this reimagination of Alone in the Dark, a love letter to the 1992 cult classic horror game. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Alone in the Dark.

57%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:graphics, story

69% User Score Based on 314 reviews

Critic Score 36%Based on 5 reviews

Return to the roots of co-op survival horror as you face monstrous hordes, scrounge for supplies and attempt to survive the nightmare. You have one life. Make it count! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Outbreak: The New Nightmare.

84%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, stability

84% User Score Based on 1,450 reviews

Go through deadly rooms of multi-storey building. Team up with other players and make your way through traps with a friendly team! Or take a weapon and kill them all in the PvP game mode! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to HALF DEAD 2.

60%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, replayability

69% User Score Based on 1,222 reviews

Critic Score 60%Based on 9 reviews

A psychological horror of seeking satisfaction on the border of two intertwining worlds. An intruguing plot with erotic and occult themes guides the player's character through the Yelvertones' victorian mansion and a perverse land inspired with Lovecraft's works and paintings of Zdzisław Beksiński. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Lust for Darkness.

75%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, humor

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, story

75% User Score Based on 102 reviews

Play as Ghoul Kid, a mischievous ghost who possesses household objects to scare visitors to death. In this wave based game, Ghoul Kid cannot be seen by humans. Use your wits and abilities to manipulate household objects so you can scare people to death! Happy haunting! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Ghoul Kid.

68%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, replayability

68% User Score Based on 176 reviews

Critic Score 69%Based on 7 reviews

From the creators of Conarium and the Darkness Within series, comes Transient, a Lovecraftian Cyberpunk thriller. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Transient.

56%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability

92% User Score Based on 12 reviews

Welcome to UCSC—well, kind of. This isn’t the sunny college campus you remember. In this 2D puzzle horror game, you're dropped into a fog-drenched, twisted version of UC Santa Cruz where nothing feels quite right. Familiar landmarks are warped, the silence is heavy, and the mist hides more than just bad weather. You’ll explore eerie paths and unsettling buildings as you piece together the story … If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Markus's Miasma.

56%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, gameplay

92% User Score Based on 12 reviews

Explore the laboratory complex, solve problems to move on, find secret documents and don't let the aliens catch you... Meteor shower A meteor shower that passes over the earth leads to the appearance of strange creatures. The meteorite impact sites were surveyed by employees of secret organizations and the fragments were taken to laboratories for study. Soon, workers leave one of these laborator… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Aliens and Asteroids.

81%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, stability

81% User Score Based on 1,137 reviews

Crisol: Theater of Idols is a gripping first-person horror/action adventure set in the haunting world of Hispania, a nightmarish reimagining of Spain. Playing as Gabriel, a soldier who can use his own blood as a deadly weapon, you endeavor on a journey to fulfill a divine mission from the Sun God. Key Features: Explore the Cursed Island of Tormentosa Uncover the chilling history and t… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Crisol: Theater of Idols.

86%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:atmosphere, humor

Most mentioned negative aspects:graphics, music

91% User Score Based on 45 reviews

What's your favorite color? Would you eat meatballs for the rest of your life? Are dogs really that cute? Live the perfect day, break the cycle, and discover the truth about yourself in ENDLING, a short, quirky sci-fi mystery about freedom, choice, and loneliness. A Lifetime of ChoicesLife is full of hard questions and difficult choices—but who says exploring them can't be fun? Watch as each… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to ENDLING.

92%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:music, grinding

92% User Score Based on 60 reviews

In this dark visual novel series, each Chapter follows a new protagonist, caught in the crossfire of conflicting powers — human and inhuman alike. Their stories are separate, but the choices you make in one Chapter will twist the next in ways you won’t see coming. Six connected Chapters, each with their own lead. A branching narrative that remembers everything. Dark arts, occult mysteries, a… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to SkullX: Aibohphobia.

87%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization

100% User Score Based on 38 reviews

Abducted by the dangerous Theater, Juliet has been turned into a puppet. Guided by the mysterious Narrator, Romeo will embark on a twisted journey through faux décors, rotating sets, and deceptive backstages. What secrets lie beneath the Theater? Inspired by the original Romeo and Juliet of Shakespeare, rediscover key beats of their tragedy in this expansive 3D reimagination. Explore the T… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Masquerade.

78%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, atmosphere

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, story

78% User Score Based on 54 reviews

Step into an uncanny building trapped in endless loops. Use the elevator, uncover unsettling anomalies, and evade the Entity lurking behind you. Liminal Exit, an immersive walking simulator inspired by liminal spaces. Can you escape, or will you remain forever trapped? If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Liminal Exit.

69%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:replayability, humor

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, story

100% User Score Based on 20 reviews

Unit Down Charge is a futuristic action rail-shooter!Action packed, and full of quirky character dialogues, unique level designs, fully animated story cutscenes, and challenging boss battles! Unit Down Charge combines: The arcade difficulty of a Cabal Shooter and The level-based progression of a Rail Shooter ... both in one package! Features: Responsive arcade-styled shooting … If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Unit Down Charge.

94%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding

94% User Score Based on 175 reviews

Demo 10 Dead Doves is a short, singleplayer, fixed-perspective horror story set in the heart of the Appalachian wilderness.  Avoid strange noises, collect lifelines, and creep through a forest that seems to hate you. Will you discover why the birds drop dead -- or leave behind nothing but footprints? (Approx. 30+ minute playtime. Contains parts of Act I. Demo may not represent the final produ… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to 10 Dead Doves.

82%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, atmosphere

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, grinding

90% User Score Based on 1,602 reviews

Critic Score 74%Based on 12 reviews

It's a Shipper's biggest fear. You're grounded in the exclusion zone, twenty miles of death and decay sealed off by the towering, suffocating walls erected after the collapse. Alone, stranded, and with limited resources at your disposal you'll have to push your way through the zone, solve environmental puzzles, manage resources and fight for your life as you try to find a way to escape beyond the… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Hollowbody.

52%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, monetization

52% User Score Based on 252 reviews

Step into Ningyōmachi, once a thriving hub of doll-making mastery, now a decaying ghost town haunted by the bloodstained legacy of a twisted craftsman. As you uncover the town's dark secrets, you'll confront the eerie remnants of the Hanabira Doll Factory and the lifelike creations that refuse to stay still. Will you survive the horrors hidden within the forgotten "Doll Town," or will you become a… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Welcome to Doll Town.

91%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:replayability, grinding

91% User Score Based on 140 reviews

After countless nightmares about your missing little sister, you embark on a journey with one goal: to bring her home. You play as Harley, a girl who’s going to face horrors worse than anything her nightmares could produce. ⠀ Retro-styled graphics reminiscent of the PS1 era! Classic survival horror gameplay! An atmospheric theme park with engaging puzzles! Fully voice-acted cutscenes! Inve… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Carnival Massacre.

81%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:music, optimization

81% User Score Based on 298 reviews

Welcome to The Voidness. Will you be stepping inside the void? Remember, you can't see. It's all dark out there. You can hear, and only see with your scanning device. This is a horror game created by 1 developer, please share your feedback and share the game if you like, it really helps me out! Follow me on Twitter to stay updated!Come and join my Discord and let's grow the community!Chapter 1 … If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to THE VOIDNESS - Scary LIDAR Scanner Horror Game.

99%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, humor

Most mentioned negative aspects:music, stability

99% User Score Based on 105 reviews

THE LACERATOR (ALPHA TAPE)PlotIt was just another sexy job for Max, a very famous pornstar, but everything went wrong.The movie crew was captured by THE LACERATOR!!!Now it's up to you to survive and escape from the hideout of this worthless psycho!GameplayExperience a classic survival horror mixed with a trash movie- Explore the branching hideout- Find items to solve puzzles and progress- Defend y… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to The Lacerator.

87%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

87% User Score Based on 368 reviews

Pass through the threshold and enter a world born of memories. Defend yourself with a camera while solving death’s mysteries in a reverent evolution of 90’s survival horror, integrating both fixed cameras and over the shoulder perspectives. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Heartworm.

83%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, stability

83% User Score Based on 440 reviews

Get the full version on Steam! Join our Discord! Inspired by classic space games, Underspace is an open-world space arcade dogfighting game, where every star system is crafted by hand, and every star system has something to see or do. Jump into the bizarre galaxy of Croft, step into the role you want, and thrive alone or online with friends. But beware! The storms rule the stars. Be a miner picki… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Underspace.

92%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, optimization

98% User Score Based on 1,335 reviews

Critic Score 86%Based on 11 reviews

Buy Sorry We're Closed at PlayStation Store. Explore and survive a darkly supernatural spin on London where the demon world spills into human hustle and bustle. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Sorry We're Closed.