Games like Just Beat Em Up : World of Fury

63%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:music, story

65% User Score Based on 74 reviews

Critic Score 61%Based on 13 reviews

Raging Justice is a modern take on the 2D scrolling brawler that pulls the classic genre kicking and screaming into the 21st century. Raging Justice is a modern game born of a classic era. With online multiplayer, stylistic stop-motion effect HD graphics, and bombastic soundtrack, Raging Justice doesn't hold back. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Raging Justice.

76%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, replayability

79% User Score Based on 247 reviews

Critic Score 60%Based on 1 reviews

Final Vendetta is a hard-hitting action packed beat ‘em up for 1 or 2 players in the vein of classic arcade titles. Featuring stunning pixel art and a thumping soundtrack with exclusive tracks from Utah Saints! Brawl with bad dudes and tough girls as you fight through dangerous environments. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Final Vendetta.

71%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:humor, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, replayability

71% User Score Based on 198 reviews

The sinister Milkman holds the city of San Cruces in his nasty criminal grip, and it’s up to legendary black belt neurosurgeon Dr. Karate and the rest of the Fist Puncher team to deliver old-school justice to the lawless streets. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Fist Puncher.

79%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, grinding

83% User Score Based on 918 reviews

Critic Score 76%Based on 10 reviews

The Takeover is a side-scrolling beat'em up inspired by 90's classics such as Streets of Rage and Final Fight. Battle solo or alongside a friend in local co-op while listening to awesome tunes from Little V Mills, Richie Branson, James Ronald and industry legend Yuzo Koshiro! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to The TakeOver.

56%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, monetization

68% User Score Based on 556 reviews

Critic Score 45%Based on 10 reviews

"The next entry in the side-scrolling action game series Double Dragon is finally here! The story picks up after the elimination of the Shadow Warriors in Double Dragon II!" If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Double Dragon 4.

90%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, replayability

90% User Score Based on 173 reviews

Abathor is a 2D arcade action platformer for up to 4 players. You are the last hope in defense of Atlantis, you’ll face hordes of enemies and countless challenges. Enjoy its pixel art and epic music. A cooperative and competitive game to achieve glory or death. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Abathor.

64%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

62% User Score Based on 480 reviews

Critic Score 66%Based on 4 reviews

The once peaceful land of Ancaria is in grave danger. The evil Ashen empire has enslaved its population and is using the orc-like Grimmoc to wipe out the Seraphim, who swore to protect it. In order to defeat the empire you will have to prove yourself as a warrior by riding terrifying mounts, acquiring earth shattering skills and looting powerful weapons and valuable treasures. Grab your friends … If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Sacred Citadel.

98%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:humor, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, character development

98% User Score Based on 778 reviews

Fight the gangs of Paris in this action packed Beat'Em up. Up to 4 players can join in, to cooperate, or fight against each other! Many unlockables, game modes, crazy combos and devastating furies await you in this deep fighting game. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Streets of Fury EX.

54%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, humor

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, music

83% User Score Based on 18 reviews

Critic Score 49%Based on 2 reviews

Seek vengeance on the gluttonous gray squirrel in this retro-inspired Beat 'em up starring chipmunk warriors! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Chipmonk!.

84%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, grinding

84% User Score Based on 328 reviews

In this beat ‘em up game you‘ll play as the Chinese fisherman Wei Cheng who wants to avenge the death of his friends and family. Get your battle staff ready for a challenging adventure in Medieval China and for merciless fights with hordes of various enemies. Invite your friend to help you fight through waves of enemies and complete the game together. Chinese villages, pirate ship, Japanese man… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to 9 Monkeys of Shaolin.

92%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

93% User Score Based on 7,619 reviews

Critic Score 90%Based on 4 reviews

Punch your way through the Streets of Rage once again! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Streets of Rage 4.

68%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, atmosphere

68% User Score Based on 63 reviews

In Streets of Red: Devil’s Dare Deluxe, the only thing scarier than being eaten alive is running out of quarters! It’s a permadeath multiplayer horror beat’em up that bestows players with the skills of retro gaming heroes in a fight against a legion of undead monstrosities. By paying tribute and playing parody to the great horror games and films that came before it, Streets of Red: DDD balances li… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Streets of Red: Devil's Dare.

88%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, replayability

88% User Score Based on 458 reviews

Bud Spencer and Terence Hill in their first virtual adventure. Slaps And Beans is a co-operative or single player scrolling beat’ em up game with the addition of platform elements and mini-games in which you'll interpret the characters of Bud Spencer and Terence Hill If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Bud Spencer & Terence Hill: Slaps and Beans.

59%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, story

47% User Score Based on 118 reviews

Critic Score 71%Based on 10 reviews

Yo Joe! Cobra returns once again with its most fiendish plot yet and it's up to G.I. JOE to defeat them once more! Pick one of the real American heroes, gear up, and get straight into the fight in this retro side-scrolling beat 'em up - and make Cobra RETREAT yet again! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to G.I. Joe: Wrath of Cobra.

88%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, monetization

93% User Score Based on 1,944 reviews

Critic Score 84%Based on 13 reviews

Fight’N Rage is a brand new old-school side-scroller beat’em up. Inspired by the classics from the “golden age”, and with an art style that mimics the aesthetic from the 90's arcade gems, this game pays homage to all classic gameplay features that makes this genre one of the best from its time! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Fight'N Rage.

69%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, stability

70% User Score Based on 196 reviews

Critic Score 67%Based on 6 reviews

I Am The Hero is a pixel art, beat 'em up, fighting game that tells the story of a "Hero" with a glorious but mysterious past. Is he the hero he thinks he is or is there a another side to this legendary figure? If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to I Am The Hero.

73%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

77% User Score Based on 481 reviews

Critic Score 50%Based on 1 reviews

Taking its inspiration from ancient Chinese tales of revenge and retribution, then adding a dash of over-the-top martial arts and old school arcade fun, Kung Fu Strike features 28 stages of fast-paced combo-based fighting. Blend powerful punches, high kicks and perfectly timed blocks to pull off devastating combos, all thanks to a fluid combat system that turns brawling into an art form. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Kung Fu Strike: The Warrior's Rise.

53%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, optimization

51% User Score Based on 493 reviews

Critic Score 60%Based on 1 reviews

Enter Double Dragon Trilogy, a compilation of the beloved arcade series If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Double Dragon Trilogy.

79%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, replayability

79% User Score Based on 281 reviews

Aces Wild is a fast-paced, hardcore, aerial beat 'em up. You play as Ace Wilder trying to defeat your brother Rex in a tournament where he and all the other entrants have colluded against you. Utilize a wide range of offensive and defensive skills to defeat hordes of enemies all at once and go for a high score! There are several playable characters and local co-op play. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Aces Wild: Manic Brawling Action!.

77%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

79% User Score Based on 544 reviews

Critic Score 70%Based on 1 reviews

Jump into the frenzied action and the whacky humor of a pure 2.5D side-scroller! While they were going to their old high school for what was supposed to be the party of their life, four long-time friends end up in a ghost town full of monstrous creatures. Alone or in cooperative mode (4 players online and 2 in local play), survive hordes of monsters ready to skin you alive and achieve unique and… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Final Exam.

76%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, optimization

79% User Score Based on 1,169 reviews

Critic Score 60%Based on 1 reviews

The fan-favorite 2D brawler is back as ex-mob hit man Shank returns to action in Shank 2. With those closest to him under attack, Shank is once again forced on the offensive. Now he must put his trusty arsenal of handguns, shotguns, automatic weapons, chainsaws, machetes, grenades, plus all-new weaponry and moves to use in order to protect those close to him. The original game set a new standard f… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Shank 2.

81%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

89% User Score Based on 2,602 reviews

Critic Score 39%Based on 1 reviews

Get blown into another dimension as you experience the gutbusting fun with the Kung Fury game. Beat the Nazis to stop Kung Führer and uphold the law! Become the action!Be. Kung. Fury!!!! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Kung Fury: Street Rage.

86%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, grinding

85% User Score Based on 156 reviews

Critic Score 87%Based on 1 reviews

Grab your trusty sword, strap on a fearsome helmet, and plunge into the chaotic fray of Viking Squad! As a member of this ragtag group you must put a stop to the wildly mischievous Loki and reopen the gates to Valhalla. Work together to unleash massive attacks on foes and expand your arsenal in this three player co-op brawler. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Viking Squad.

70%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, story

67% User Score Based on 102 reviews

Critic Score 79%Based on 3 reviews

Romans, pirates and boars beware! The famous Gauls Asterix and Obelix are coming back for a brand new adventure! Unlike the magic potion, the gameplay recipe is pretty straight forward and holds no secrets. Think about the core mechanics defining the beat’em up genre and sprinkle with some local co-op! By Jupiter, by Teutates.. These Gauls are crazy! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Asterix & Obelix Slap Them All!.

59%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, stability

56% User Score Based on 289 reviews

Critic Score 67%Based on 3 reviews

Time for some 16-bit retro revenge! Hell-bent on saving his cat, Max must carve a bloody path through a zombie-infested California, tearing his way through hordes of the undead, battalions of corrupt soldiers, and a slew of evil-minded ex-cons. Pull off crazy combos, collect power-ups, wield super weapons, and unleash insane magic attacks as you fight to become the amazing 16-bit side-scrolling he… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Dead Island Retro Revenge.

80%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, grinding

87% User Score Based on 242 reviews

Critic Score 72%Based on 11 reviews

Mayhem Brawler is an urban fantasy themed beat 'em up that brings back the 90s arcade vibe to the present day. With comic book style art and kick-ass soundtracks, it offers a unique experience that you can tackle solo or as co-op with friends while defining the next step in the story with your choices. The game is developed by Hero Concept studios. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Mayhem Brawler.

87%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:replayability, atmosphere

87% User Score Based on 356 reviews

Verdict Guilty is an easy to play 90's style arcade fighter! Featuring unique handcuff and gun combat in a cops versus robbers theme. Neo Seoul has been hit with a wave of terrorist and crime attacks, only a few good officers remain willing to battle this new evil. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Verdict Guilty.

65%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:replayability, stability

64% User Score Based on 88 reviews

Critic Score 67%Based on 7 reviews

Coffee Crisis is an arcade-style beat 'em up full of caffeinated carnage! This is a full scale release for the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, packed with classic gameplay and an extra espresso shot of action! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Coffee Crisis.

60%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, stability

56% User Score Based on 170 reviews

Critic Score 80%Based on 1 reviews

Zack Zero takes you on an action-packed platform adventure with incredible 3D graphics and the playability and entertainment of classic 2D games. Help Zack Zero save his beloved Marlene, kidnapped by the evil Zulrog in an effort to obtain the powerful substance that will allow him to travel back in time. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Zack Zero.

74%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:humor, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, stability

74% User Score Based on 178 reviews

Embark on a dead funny adventure with the Zombie Vikings. A putrid posse sent on a mission through the most epic of worlds to retrieve Odin’s lost eye. Play as the most fearsome Vikings ever raised from Norse soil: Gunborg, Seagurd, Hedgy and Caw-kaa. Hack through the gingerbread swamps of Molgaga! Cruise through the intestines of the Midgaard Serpent! Fight giant poultry! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Zombie Vikings.

79%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, grinding

87% User Score Based on 821 reviews

Critic Score 61%Based on 4 reviews

Shank is the cult-classic revival of the sidescrolling beat-em-up. Play as Shank in an over-the-top grindhouse game, packed to the rim with enemies, bosses, combos, and more by the award-winning team at Klei Entertainment. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Shank.

87%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, story

89% User Score Based on 520 reviews

Critic Score 75%Based on 1 reviews

Roof Rage is a Martial Arts Platform Fighter featuring epic rooftop battles. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Roof Rage.

76%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:music, stability

76% User Score Based on 98 reviews

Not dying today is a 2D side-scrolling action game. In 2030, the world has been taken over by zombies. With fire and blade, bullets and guns, you, captain Aiden, will do anything to protect the last human kind, anything, even turn into a zombie, using zombie power to kill zombies. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Not Dying Today.

74%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, grinding

74% User Score Based on 1,370 reviews

Alex and Ryan must take to the streets to help a new crop of fighters. You'll earn money, unlock moves, and upgrade your skills in a sprawling city. This modern take on an old classic features over 500 unique street fighting moves, dozens of weapons, and fun online multiplayer modes. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to River City Ransom: Underground.

65%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, stability

65% User Score Based on 107 reviews

Devil's Dare is a 2D zombie beat'em up, supporting up to 4 players to co-op and fight together locally. Being the spritual successor to Bitejacker, Devil's Dare carries the same theme of parodies, pitting classic game heroes against monsters straight out of 90s horror movies. Devil's Dare doesn't just relies on grinding and leveling up, but instead introduces permadeath to keep players on their to… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Devil's Dare 悪魔の挑戦.

69%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, story

79% User Score Based on 38 reviews

Brawl through the city in hard-hitting pixel art style inspired by arcade classics! Inspired by arcade beat ’em ups of the late ’80s and early ’90s, Fallen City Brawl is a story of ambition and revenge told through intense side-scrolling pixel art action. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Fallen City Brawl.

77%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

85% User Score Based on 699 reviews

Critic Score 66%Based on 6 reviews

DISCORD If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Double Dragon Gaiden: Rise Of The Dragons.

82%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

84% User Score Based on 2,228 reviews

Critic Score 80%Based on 23 reviews

River City Girls stars Kyoko and Misako, two street-tough high-schoolers who must fight their way through the six regions of River City to rescue their kidnapped boyfriends, series mainstays Kunio and Riki. Along the way, they’ll utilize an arsenal of combos, counters, throws, and special attacks; battle an assortment of enemies; accept numerous side quests; level up with experience points; intera… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to River City Girls.

85%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, stability

85% User Score Based on 293 reviews

Commander Cool 2 is a four player local coop retro-styled adventure that is destined to be one of coolest game in 2015! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Commander Cool 2.

61%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, story

56% User Score Based on 172 reviews

Critic Score 67%Based on 10 reviews

"99Vidas" is a "beat 'em up" set in a contemporary world that pays tribute to both the new and the classic in gaming industry. Brought to you in all pixelated, 16 bit-esque glory, chockfull of references to not only gaming, but all 80's and 90's pop culture. 99Vidas is set in a fictional anachronic universe, inspired by video games and the pop culture of the 1980s and 1990s. The game begins when … If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to 99Vidas.

66%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, character development

66% User Score Based on 387 reviews

Fans of Kung Fu cinema rejoice! Kings of Kung Fu was developed mainly for fans of classic Kung Fu flicks and designed to be playable by gamers from casual to mid-core so that anyone can pick it up and have fun. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Kings of Kung Fu.

82%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, replayability

88% User Score Based on 360 reviews

Critic Score 50%Based on 1 reviews

Choose a side, master your moves, and embrace your destiny in an epic beat 'em up adventure inspired by the hit show. Take control of 8 playable characters with deep movesets, combos, progressions, and more! 34 years after the events of the 1984 All Valley Karate Tournament, the rivalry of Daniel LaRusso and Johnny Lawrence continues. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Cobra Kai: The Karate Kid Saga Continues.

78%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, grinding

77% User Score Based on 1,400 reviews

Critic Score 87%Based on 1 reviews

Twin brothers Billy and Jimmy have been kicking butt and taking names for 25 years. Join them in this bodacious re-imagining of the classic beat 'em up that started it all, Double Dragon Neon. Battle through glass-jawed goons, deadly teleporting geishas, scientific abominations, and more as you hunt down the evil Skullmageddon and save the love of your life, Marion. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Double Dragon Neon.

83%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, grinding

83% User Score Based on 219 reviews

Big Action Mega Fight! is a classic single player beat 'em up/brawler with a modern twist! Hilarious 2D cartoon combat inspired by Streets of Rage, Final Fight, Turtles in Time and Battletoads. Blast your way through levels filled with luscious art and unforgettable enemies. How fast can you SMASH? If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Big Action Mega Fight.

77%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:replayability, grinding

77% User Score Based on 308 reviews

Corgi Warlock is a 1-4 player side-scrolling fantasy action game, where one brave Corgi will take on the Skeleton Bunny King's army! Against the power of Narwhals, Fencing Bears, and Crazed Unicorns, it takes more than your average Corgi to survive the King's onslaught... it takes a CORGI WARLOCK. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Corgi Warlock.

85%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

89% User Score Based on 1,477 reviews

Critic Score 82%Based on 35 reviews

Tribute Games and Dotemu are teaming up again, in collaboration with Marvel Games, to craft an original, fresh beat 'em up. Featuring dynamic combat combos and dazzling pixel art, this planet-hopping adventure stands as a love letter to the Marvel Universe. "The cosmos must fall so that I might live!!" So swears Annihilus, the living death that walks! After an unprecedented attack is launched acro… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to MARVEL Cosmic Invasion.

66%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, music

81% User Score Based on 32 reviews

Critic Score 66%Based on 5 reviews

Set in the iconic locations of the first three classic The Karate Kid movies, The Karate Kid: Street Rumble lets you step out of the dojo and into the streets of the 1980s San Fernando Valley and Okinawa. Battle waves of challenging enemies in this fast-paced, side-scrolling beat ’em up adventure, brought to life with colorful pixel-art visuals and chiptune music. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to The Karate Kid: Street Rumble.

66%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:gameplay, story

66% User Score Based on 99 reviews

Includes: Pre-order Bonus: Double Dragon Dodge Ball “Double Dragon Dodge Ball” is a separate application from the main game. Supported languages: Japanese, English If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Double Dragon Revive.

77%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:replayability, grinding

73% User Score Based on 308 reviews

Critic Score 80%Based on 22 reviews

Set out on a epic journey to the west and let's kung-fu-them-all! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Unruly Heroes.

54%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, stability

54% User Score Based on 267 reviews

Fly the famed Platypus fighter through a fantastic landscape of carefully molded clay to protect inhabitants of Mungola from the Collosatropolians! Collect power-ups and bonus stars to give your Platypus the boost you need. Every level of this gorgeous arcade challenge bursts with original fun that's perfect for gamers of all ages. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Platypus II.