Games like 1993 Space Machine

89%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, optimization

94% User Score Based on 1,537 reviews

Critic Score 84%Based on 20 reviews

Fully Voiced Action Platformer If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to HUNTDOWN.

81%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

81% User Score Based on 456 reviews

Super Galaxy Squadron is a fast-paced vertical shooter designed for human beings as well as shmup veterans. Featuring multiple game modes, a challenging but merciful difficulty curve, forgiving health system, and seventeen playable ships. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Super Galaxy Squadron EX Turbo.

86%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, grinding

86% User Score Based on 519 reviews

Get back to some serious Old-School gaming with Syder Arcade! A love letter to Amiga games of the 90′, no coins, no upgrade grinding, just your tenacity and a motherload of alien invaders. Syder Arcade is a free scrolling, multi directional shoot ’em up, an uncompromised old-school experience, furious, challenging, straightforward. This game will bring you back in time, when bulky starships were … If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Syder Arcade.

88%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, monetization

90% User Score Based on 707 reviews

Critic Score 74%Based on 1 reviews

The legend is back! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Sky Force Anniversary.

93%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:replayability, story

97% User Score Based on 290 reviews

Critic Score 87%Based on 7 reviews

Earthion is a side-scrolling space shooter developed natively for 16-bit systems. Guide space fighter pilot Azusa Takanashi in her fight to repel the alien invaders and save planet Earth. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Earthion.

98%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, atmosphere

98% User Score Based on 347 reviews

Iron Meat is a run-and-gun shooter with an onslaught of mechanics ripped from arcade and console classics. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Iron Meat.

94%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, replayability

94% User Score Based on 448 reviews

Platypus is a fast, frantic and fun arcade-style shoot-em-up. The vast continent-spanning city of Collosatropolis has finally reached the limits of its expansion. Tall buildings cover every available space. The air is thick with smoke and poisonous chemicals. Parking is a nightmare. The Collosotropolan leaders have decided the simplest solution is to invade the neighbouring country of Mungola. T… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Platypus.

80%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:character development, grinding

80% User Score Based on 1,245 reviews

Saviors brings the best bullet hell experience you can find on Steam. Play through 18 challenging stages in this ultimate test of tactics and reflexes. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Saviors.

94%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:atmosphere, stability

94% User Score Based on 1,861 reviews

Jamestown: Legend Of The Lost Colony is a neo-classical top-down shooter for up to 4 players, set on 17th-century British Colonial Mars. It features all the intensity, depth, and lovingly handcrafted pixels of a classic arcade shooter, with a modern twist: deeply-integrated cooperative gameplay.Unlike most top-down shooters, which give multiple players a shared pool of lives or continues, Jamestow… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Jamestown.

83%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, stability

83% User Score Based on 154 reviews

Space Elite Force is a frenetic side-scrolling, full of explosions and epic battles against bosses. With its large amount of upgrades and its high level of difficulty, Space Elite Force is the ideal game for anyone who wants frenzied action, quick plays and a few hours of fun. Embark on this battle and help defeat the awful Klyvu race! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Space Elite Force.

88%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, character development

92% User Score Based on 1,242 reviews

Critic Score 80%Based on 2 reviews

Wryn is a girl with a big arsenal and big dreams and she wants to be the ultimate videogame hero! Help her take down the Greatest Heroes of All Time in an action-packed bid to claim the title for herself and show the world what a true hero looks like! Bleed is an action-platformer focused on stylish, acrobatic dodging and fluid, challenging gameplay. There's no filler, just you and your skills ag… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Bleed.

87%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, grinding

88% User Score Based on 609 reviews

Critic Score 82%Based on 1 reviews

Steredenn is a frenetic and chaotic space shooter, carved in big beautiful pixels, with insane boss battles. Embark in your ship and engage the fight against dreadful space pirates in a never-ending combat for your survival. Steredenn is at the crossroads between a shmup and a rogue-like. Enjoy the infinite replayability of the game with its unforgiving gameplay, intense boss fights, (almost) ran… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Steredenn.

92%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, monetization

95% User Score Based on 1,542 reviews

Critic Score 84%Based on 2 reviews

"Assault Android Cactus is a manic twin stick arena shooter for the PC with screens full of enemies, buckets of bullets and high scoring combo chains! Take on the role of Cactus, an enthusiastic police android, who responds to a stranded space freighter only to discover it under siege by its malfunctioning robot workers. Cut off from the outside and in over her head, Cactus and the androids she re… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Assault Android Cactus.

96%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, optimization

96% User Score Based on 1,665 reviews

ZeroRanger is a vertically scrolling 2D shoot'em up with heavy emphasis on shooting, dodging and... mystery? A menacing alien threat, GREEN ORANGE, has begun its invasion. Only two secondary fighters remain against complete annihilation. Blast your way through enemy forces in order to unleash your fighter's latent potential, unlocking new weapons and abilities. But as you grow stronger, so does… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to ZeroRanger.

84%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability

90% User Score Based on 852 reviews

Critic Score 82%Based on 3 reviews

Blazing Chrome is a classic co-op run 'n gun with an original arcade feel. Players can choose between Mavra, the badass human resistance, soldier or Doyle, the groovy rebel robot, to kick some metal ass. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Blazing Chrome.

86%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, stability

86% User Score Based on 1,209 reviews

“METAL SLUG X”, a masterpiece in SNK’s emblematic 2D run & gun action shooting game series, still continues to fascinate millions of fans worldwide to this day for its intricate dot-pixel graphics, and simple and intuitive game controls. One of the most highly praised titles in the series among Metal Slug fans for its refined balance and game volume, heads out to the Steam gaming platform! Feature… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to METAL SLUG X.

85%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

90% User Score Based on 648 reviews

Critic Score 81%Based on 17 reviews

The Bug Butcher is an action-packed 2D side scrolling shoot em up game where peril comes from above. So in a nutshell, pest control with machine guns in space. The core mechanics hold old ties from the classic arcade shooter "Super Pang" where you shoot vertically, but with modern day twists. You are Harry, a brash and tenacious exterminator who has a knack for decimating bugs. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to The Bug Butcher.

93%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, monetization

96% User Score Based on 523 reviews

Critic Score 81%Based on 1 reviews

This is a side-scrolling shooting game in which the player takes control of the "Drainus", a ship that can absorb energy bullets, to take down the countless enemy ships zipping through space. Energy absorbed can be used to enhance the ship's functions, such as adding new weapons. StoryThe Planet Halpax is located in the far reaches of space, suffering from the oppressive rule of the Khar… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to DRAINUS.

92%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, grinding

96% User Score Based on 10,722 reviews

Critic Score 87%Based on 75 reviews

Buy Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge on PlayStation Store. Your favorite Turtles are reunited as they kick shell in this gnarly '80s-style side-scrolling beat 'em up. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge.

95%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:music, replayability

95% User Score Based on 427 reviews

Muri is a DOS-style shooter from Remar Games and Ludosity. After the colonization of Mars, a team of scientists design an armor suit of cataclysmic power, sparking a conflict between several factions. When Mars suddenly vanishes, one woman sets out to discover the fate of humanity. Inspired by the games of its time, Muri is an authentic '80s experience, with the focus often changing between run-a… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to MURI.

92%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, stability

95% User Score Based on 732 reviews

Critic Score 89%Based on 8 reviews

The past is being altered. An android, known as Next EXY, has traveled one thousand years back in time. Your task is to stop NEXY and the other Elemental Daughters who were built in the image of the Elemental Dolls who once protected humanity. What is NEXY’s intent? Should you attack what you shouldn’t understand? Orders are orders, and Col. Godwin Longhener is not to be ignored. The legendary bul… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to DoDonPachi Resurrection.

69%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, stability

69% User Score Based on 277 reviews

Jet Gunner is a 2D platform action indie game that's full of Nestalgia. Full of action, gunfights, bosses and explosions so if you're into the whole 8-Bit vibe you should love this. From the sound, to the graphics to the flicker, this should pay tribute to those classic hard as nails, run 'n' gun games. Hopefully this should wet your appetite for re-living the good ol' days. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Jet Gunner.

89%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, grinding

89% User Score Based on 727 reviews

STEREDENN: BINARY STARS is an award-winning mashup of a classic shmup and a rogue-like, carved in big beautiful pixels, with insane boss battles.  Fly solo or co-op with a friend, fighting off the worst scourges of space in a never-ending struggle for survival. STEREDENN: BINARY STARS is the hugely expanded version of the acclaimed Steredenn.   Enjoy infinite replayability and unforgiving gamep… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Steredenn: Binary Stars.

85%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, stability

85% User Score Based on 1,291 reviews

Metal Slug is a 1996 run and gun arcade video game originally developed by Nazca Corporation and released by SNK for the Neo Geo MVS. It is the first installment in the eponymous series. Set in 2028, players assume the role of Peregrine Falcon Strike Force soldiers Marco Rossi and Tarma Roving on a fight against the Rebel Army led by Donald Morden and overthrow his coup d'état to prevent a New Wor… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to METAL SLUG.

67%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability

67% User Score Based on 258 reviews

Ultionus is a love-letter to the home computer arcade games of the late 80s and early 90s, with colorful 2D visuals, catchy chiptune music by the legendary Jake 'Virt' Kaufman, and 7 stages of hard-as-nails gameplay. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Ultionus: A Tale of Petty Revenge.

68%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:replayability, stability

68% User Score Based on 943 reviews

Critic Score 65%Based on 1 reviews

Big classic platformer with tons of power-ups and 12+ hours of main story & 300+ hidden locations just begging for exploration. 8BitBoy is a tribute to all the greatest platformers of the 80s and 90s and a symbol of my endless love and passion for gaming. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to 8BitBoy.

79%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization

79% User Score Based on 234 reviews

Project Starship is an arcade bullet-hell with random mechanics. No match will ever be the same. Who will you be? Garret or Gwen? Will you save the world from the mighty cthulhu? If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Project Starship.

85%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, grinding

85% User Score Based on 398 reviews

Super Cyborg is an old school non-stop hardcore run'n'gun action game! You are an elite battle cyborg who is sent in to investigate a series of anomalies on a mysterious island. The merciless alien known as the 'Xirxul life form' has been awakened by unwitting scientists and now: all humanity is in danger! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Super Cyborg.

68%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, grinding

68% User Score Based on 702 reviews

Humanity is on the verge of extinction. It's up to you to infiltrate the AI core and win the war against the machines.Start your journey with a simple ship, outfitted with only basic machine guns and air-to-ground missiles. As you take down more and more of the AI’s fighter’s you’ll unlock new technologies like plasma shields, wave beams, and ion cannons. It's totally up to you how you outfit your… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Revolution Ace.

90%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:monetization, stability

90% User Score Based on 516 reviews

Reloaded. Reimagined. Reborn. The original run-n-gun action series is back If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Contra: Operation Galuga.

71%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

75% User Score Based on 476 reviews

Critic Score 50%Based on 1 reviews

Inspired by the demanding gameplay of 8-bit action/platformers, Oniken pits your agility and swordplay against a gauntlet of enemies, traps, and challenging bosses. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Oniken.

94%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, stability

94% User Score Based on 1,422 reviews

Prepare yourself for an insatiable rain of bullets, bombs, and beams in Crimzon Clover. From Japanese indie developer YOTSUBANE, AdventurePlanningService, this unique top-down shooter is a wild ride you won't want to miss out on. Your first step in Crimzon Clover: World Ignition is as simple as choosing how you want to play, and which powerful ship will be yours to command. Choose your mode from … If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Crimzon Clover WORLD IGNITION.

86%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, grinding

87% User Score Based on 335 reviews

Critic Score 81%Based on 2 reviews

Due to a sudden shortage of milk, cats around the world are forced to seek out new sources to get their fix. You and your team of milk mining kittens have overcome a fear of water to drill down under the ocean seabed and begin extracting vast reserves of what seems to be naturally forming full-fat milk. Get ready for fast paced submarine action, defending the kittens from disruptive mechanical sea… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Aqua Kitty: Milk Mine Defender.

91%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, grinding

96% User Score Based on 4,778 reviews

Critic Score 80%Based on 3 reviews

Freedom Planet is a combat-based platform adventure that pits a spunky dragon girl and her friends against an alien attack force. There's trouble around every turn, from insects to giant robots to sheer explosive destruction, but you'll have a variety of special fighting abilities to blast your way through each stage. As Lilac, you can use Dragon powers to whip enemies with your hair, spin like a… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Freedom Planet.

85%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, stability

85% User Score Based on 293 reviews

Commander Cool 2 is a four player local coop retro-styled adventure that is destined to be one of coolest game in 2015! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Commander Cool 2.

73%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, stability

73% User Score Based on 371 reviews

DSP is side-scrolling, roguelike, shoot 'em up set in the Starr Mazer universe. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Starr Mazer: DSP.

89%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, grinding

87% User Score Based on 1,241 reviews

Critic Score 100%Based on 1 reviews

From the collaboration between Housemarque (Resogun, Alienation, Matterfall), and Robotron and Smash TV legendary creator Eugene Jarvis comes Nex Machina, an explosive arcade experience created with competition in mind. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Nex Machina.

93%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:graphics, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

96% User Score Based on 70,643 reviews

Critic Score 80%Based on 1 reviews

Cuphead is a classic run and gun action game heavily focused on boss battles. Inspired by cartoons of the 1930s, the visuals and audio are painstakingly created with the same techniques of the era, i.e. traditional cel animation (hand drawn & hand inked!), watercolor backgrounds, and original jazz recordings. Play as Cuphead or Mugman (in single player or co-op) as you traverse strange worlds, acq… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Cuphead.

97%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, grinding

97% User Score Based on 3,453 reviews

A throwback to the classic quarter eating arcade games of the 80's. Bit Blaster XL is a retro styled, addictive, and fast paced arcade shoot 'em up! (shmup). If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Bit Blaster XL.

85%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:story, gameplay

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, atmosphere

86% User Score Based on 1,598 reviews

Critic Score 80%Based on 1 reviews

An upgraded version of Metal Slug 2 (Metal Slug 2: Super Vehicle-001/I), titled Metal Slug X, was released in March 1999 for the Neo Geo MVS. It fixed slowdown problems from the original game, and increased the difficulty. Metal Slug X also introduced some new elements to the game system. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to METAL SLUG X.

67%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, grinding

75% User Score Based on 262 reviews

Critic Score 54%Based on 5 reviews

Gigantic Army is a heartfelt tribute to 16-bit era mech shooters, finally available for the Nintendo Switch. It’s the 21st Century, planet Earth is at war with the Ramulons - an Alien race determined to stop humanity’s advance into space. War has now reached planet Ramulon, and it’s up to you to pilot the ‘GMR-34 SALADIN’ - a Manned Combat Robot - a mech amor that make effective stormtroopers and … If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to GIGANTIC ARMY.

77%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, optimization

82% User Score Based on 1,845 reviews

Critic Score 60%Based on 1 reviews

Phantom Breaker: Battle Grounds! Enjoy fast and frantic arcade-style beat 'em up gameplay with cute characters. Beat up hordes of weird enemies with awesome special attacks. Local co-op and PVP supported for up to 4 players! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Phantom Breaker: Battle Grounds.

81%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, music

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

89% User Score Based on 2,602 reviews

Critic Score 39%Based on 1 reviews

Get blown into another dimension as you experience the gutbusting fun with the Kung Fury game. Beat the Nazis to stop Kung Führer and uphold the law! Become the action!Be. Kung. Fury!!!! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Kung Fury: Street Rage.

79%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:stability, monetization

76% User Score Based on 780 reviews

Critic Score 77%Based on 1 reviews

The Contra Anniversary Collection brings this classic Run and Gun franchise back to modern platforms and a new generation of players. Grab power ups and blast your way through waves of menacing enemies and bosses that will put your reaction skills to the test. Also included is a digital Bonus Book with tons of concept documents and sketches, the official chronology of the franchise, an exclusive i… If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Contra Anniversary Collection.

72%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, grinding

67% User Score Based on 270 reviews

Critic Score 77%Based on 14 reviews

It's a twin-stick vertical scrolling Shooter hybrid with a cinematic flare: An unrelenting onslaught of eye-popping visuals, ear bursting soundscapes and mind-melting action makes Cygni the vanguard for the next generation of shoot-em ups. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Cygni: All Guns Blazing.

74%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:optimization, story

74% User Score Based on 977 reviews

Way over in the big void of space live some aliens. They coveted your planet and would do anything to live there. So what's your planet to do? Yeah, blast through them all! Face off against waves of enemies, bosses, giant laser planets, blackholes, wormholes, massive lasers, planets and asteroids across 12 game modes! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Really Big Sky.

90%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:replayability, grinding

94% User Score Based on 169 reviews

Critic Score 83%Based on 5 reviews

Stardust Galaxy Warriors: Stellar Climax is an engaging 1-4 player couch co-op action shooter game, combining SHMUP and Brawler-like gameplay with light RPG elements. Choose from different game modes, gameplay settings, mechs, weapons and upgrades to customize your experience freely. Soar through space, defeat evil and save the future... from itself! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Stardust Galaxy Warriors: Stellar Climax.

88%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

96% User Score Based on 706 reviews

Critic Score 81%Based on 13 reviews

"Bleed 2 is a relentless arcade action game about shooting, dodging, reflecting bullets, slowing time, and lots and lots of bosses. The player controls a young girl named Wryn -- the world's greatest (and only remaining) hero. Together, they must battle an invading force of villains and live up to her title as the Greatest Hero of All Time!" If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Bleed 2.

83%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:gameplay, graphics

Most mentioned negative aspects:story, grinding

83% User Score Based on 979 reviews

Space Distant are present the arcade game of cosmic fights in arcade style of the 80's, this is a game where you can control the spaceship and forced to destroy extraterrestrials, which are moving in the certain order. If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Distant Space.

87%Game Brain Score

Most mentioned positive aspects:music, story

Most mentioned negative aspects:grinding, stability

90% User Score Based on 730 reviews

Critic Score 70%Based on 1 reviews

Side scrolling shooter with insane level of action and destruction! Assume a role of a brave space pilot and jump into an epic adventure across the universe to save it from inevitable doom! Unleash arsenal of the deadliest weapons and devices ever installed in a spaceship! If you enjoyed this game, see our list of games similar to Jets'n'Guns 2.